B | 你做了很多调研，这些灵活就业者目前处于什么状态？张丹丹：目前这两亿多人中，有8400万是平台就业，也就是线上零工，其余则是线下的更松散的零工。    Western sanctions that followed the launching of Russia’s special operation in Ukraine in February were nakedly aimed at reducing Russia energy exports to zero and making the Russian economy “scream,” as they had similarly attempted with Venezuela and Iran. However, with Moscow securing new markets and prices rebounding, it’s Europeans who are on the losing end of things, experts told Sputnik on Thursday.,According to Bloomberg, prices across Europe are expected to increase sharply later this year, when European sanctions against Russian crude oil exports take effect, with some places predicting a doubling in prices. All this while Russia’s crude oil production and income continue to recover to pre-February levels, thanks to expanded exports to Asian buyers and a healthy relationship with OPEC+.,Western European governments had better hope the winter is warm, because if people start freezing due to fuel shortages, they will demand an end to their government’s policies blocking the gas.,Dr. Mamdouh G. Salameh, a visiting professor of energy economics at the ESCP Business School in London, told Sputnik that “energy is far more formidable weapon in the hand of President Putin than hydrogen bombs.”,“The world, particularly the European Union (EU), is very dependent on Russian oil and gas supplies. That is why Western sanctions have so far largely refrained from sanctioning Russian oil and gas exports to the EU and that is why Russia is winning the energy war,” the economist asserted.,“Western sanctions against Russia have on the whole failed miserably,” he said. “The sanctions are hurting the economies of those imposing them rather than the Russian economy.”,He noted that in the US and EU alike, high gas prices are having widespread effects across their economies, helping to push the EU into a recession.,“There will very soon come the time when European citizens will ask their governments to stop spending billions of dollars supplying Ukraine with weapons rather than use these billions to help them reduce their energy bills,” he predicted. “The day is coming when the EU will reverse course on Ukraine and lift the sanctions against Russia in return for plentiful Russian cheap gas and oil supplies. If it is to be able to do that, the EU has to free itself from the United States’ pressure and stand up to the US.”,“The more sanctions Western countries impose on Russia, the higher the prices of oil and gas surge and the more revenues Russia gets from its energy exports,” Salameh said, adding that “Western analysts and some experts are daydreaming and also deluding themselves if they think that the Russian energy sector is failing. They are trying to talk down Russia’s energy sector but they are doomed to fail miserably.”,“The real irony is that Russia’s economy will emerge in a better shape than most Western economies in the aftermath of the Ukraine conflict. Putin is going to have the last laugh.”,Vladimir Demidov, an international expert on the resources and energy markets, told Sputnik that regardless of the path of European policy, at this point, Russian energy is not coming back. European nations will adapt, but the higher energy costs will stay and will cause Europe’s global standing to decline.,“I don't think there's going to be a global crisis, given that [there is] a fairly rapid filling of underground storage facilities,” he said. “I think that talking about freezing is a fiction, of course, provided that -40 [Celsius] does not hold in Europe. And then, I think, it will be more difficult.”,“Next year, I don't think they will freeze at all,” he predicted. “Enough gas for them and mine, I think they will unpack their coal mines, cuts, quarries. There they will start producing gas at home, by fracturing the reservoir, in general, they will kill nature, but they will have enough gas.”,“And in the future, Gazprom will only supply less. I think its share will fall to 50 billion [cubic meters per day] in the next two or three years, at most. The problem is that everything that is mined by them [Europe] is very expensive. The role of Europe as an economically independent unit of the world economy will simply disappear. Europe will cease to be independent,” Demidov said.,Still, Demidov predicted that Europe’s sanctions policies would continue, even as they set in motion the gradual decline of the continent.,“In Europe, four premiers are gone, including in Great Britain. I do not think that it [governments dissolving] will continue; if the winter is really warm enough, then other premiers will not fly. And everyone is fine, they will say that ‘you see, we did it! These hordes have not conquered us!’ After that, the fall of the European economy will start. The sanctions they have introduced have not been thought through, they will cause themselves more damage than Russia in the next 3-5 years.”。其中外卖平台大约有1300多万人，现在也有说法接近2000万，这个群体我一直在关注。此外，制造业零工没有平台依托，属于线下零工，规模大概也有3000万左右。这些人大部分是原先进城的农民工，原来可能从事制造业，现在转向了平台。不同平台的用工特征差异很大：制造业零工以农村户口的年轻男性为主，平均年龄不到30岁，他们大概25岁左右进厂；外卖群体平均35岁，大多已成家；网约车司机则多在45岁左右，很多之前是做小生意的，有些还背负债务。直播平台也算是灵活就业的一种，您本人应该能理解这种状态。王波明：这个群体有什么社会保障？张丹丹：通常我们认为正规就业更好，非正规就业或者零工没有保障。但从劳动经济学角度看，灵活性本身就是一种福利。他们不像我们朝九晚五固定上班，虽然我们的工作有五险一金等保障，但那是用时间与自由换来的。灵活就业者要的就是灵活和自主管理，所以社保等方面的保障自然会弱一些。反过来，固定工的稳定福利是用时间与自由换来的。所以，不能简单认为灵活就业什么好处都没有。王波明：他们有灵活和自由，但也要挣钱。他们的未来缺乏确定性，可能今天有活过两天就不行了，他们如何持续获取收入？张丹丹：他们很快会摸清挣钱的门道。这里面有两类人：一类是“极卷”型，属于专业零工，甚至有点企业家精神。他们知道在不同季节、不同地点干什么最赚钱，会在全国各地跑，在不同时间做不同的工作。比如在双十一期间跑物流，九到十月份制造业工价高时就进厂，冬天夏天极端天气外卖单价高时就去跑外卖——他们有一套自己的算法，知道什么时候干什么最挣钱。另一类就是比较零散、收入较低的零工。零工群体的收入差异很大，有上万的，也有几千甚至几百的，他们有相当大的自由发挥空间，收入情况很不一样。王波明：灵活就业是他们主动选择吗？张丹丹：有些人是主动选择灵活就业；有些人则是没得选，因为找不到一份带有劳动合同、五险一金的稳定工作。因为五险一金体系只适配有正式劳动关系的人，必须有劳动合同才行。

C | 如果没有劳动合同，现在有一个途径，叫做灵活就业社会保障，是他们自愿缴纳的，里面包含养老和医疗。不过平台方面差异很大：大多数平台基本不给零工上社保，但也有部分平台会给予补贴。比如外卖小哥，有的平台会按社平工资50%的标准，在他自己缴纳社保时补贴一半的费用。

D | （聊一波王波明《中国两亿人在打零工，他们如何谋生？谁在为这群人兜底？》。这是主持人王波明发表在今日头条上的有关内容的完整文字版）张丹丹接受凤凰卫视《问答神州》专访中有关内容（2026年3月）在凤凰卫视《问答神州》专访中，北京大学国家发展研究院副院长张丹丹结合当下青年就业现状、AI技术变革趋势，深度拆解了青年失业、岗位替代、灵活就业常态化、社保体系适配等核心问题，系统阐释了AI时代劳动力市场的全新格局与普通人的职业破局逻辑，核心观点可梳理为四大维度。关于青年失业问题，张丹丹认为当下青年高失业率的核心是结构性矛盾与隐性失业叠加。官方公布的2025年青年失业率18.9%仅统计求职未就业群体，并未涵盖1600万不升学、不就业、不进修的隐性失业青年群体，真实就业压力远高于数据呈现。她指出，我国青年失业率高于经合组织国家的关键原因，是劳动力市场技能匹配失衡，高校毕业生的知识技能与市场新兴岗位需求脱节。一个显著的新特征是，灵活零工群体学历水平持续提升，制造业零工中16.5%为高校毕业生，超四成拥有高中及以上学历，大量高学历年轻人因优质岗位稀缺，被迫下沉至基础零工岗位，成为就业结构性矛盾的直观体现。同时她强调，知识仍是就业底线，在就业内卷加剧的当下，学历和知识虽不再绝对“改变命运”，但能有效规避更弱势的就业困境。

E | 针对AI对就业市场的冲击，张丹丹依托职业“AI暴露指数”剖析了岗位替代规律。所谓AI暴露指数，是判定大语言模型能否替代岗位半数工作量的核心标准，会计、财务、普通程序员、文字编辑等重复性、流程化岗位，是当前受冲击最严重、市场需求持续收缩的高风险领域。她提出，AI正在引发劳动力市场两极分化：高技能人群借助AI大幅提升工作效率，实现职业增值；低技能体力岗位因难以自动化保留生存空间；而处于中间的中等技能白领岗位，成为最容易被AI掏空的高危领域。且技术迭代持续扩大受影响范围，甚至部分传统高技能岗位也会被新技术迭代淘汰。

F | 对于当下流行的“AI超级个体”说法，她持审慎态度，短期用好AI工具确实能提升职场竞争力，但长期来看，技术迭代速度大概率快于人类适配和新岗位诞生速度，职业替代的风险持续存在，没有绝对安全的职业。在灵活就业发展趋势上，张丹丹明确灵活就业将成为AI时代就业新常态。当前我国灵活就业人员已超2.4亿，占总就业人口33.4%，AI的任务拆解、平台化适配特性，进一步加速了就业灵活化进程。AI会将传统单一职业拆解为碎片化任务，适配平台零工模式，大幅降低灵活用工成本，让零工就业的规模持续扩张。她预判，未来半数以上白领或将转入灵活就业行列，工业化以来形成的固定职场、固定劳动关系模式，或将逐步回归非正规、任务化的就业形态。同时她纠正了大众认知误区，灵活就业并不等同于低收入，不少灵活就业者收入远超传统职场人群，AI时代的就业转型必然引发社会阶层重新洗牌，实现职业与阶层的优胜劣汰。围绕灵活就业的社会保障痛点，张丹丹提出了适配新就业形态的社保改革思路。目前我国超1.3亿灵活就业者游离于职工社保体系之外，青年从业者参保意愿尤为低迷，核心原因是年轻人更看重短期收入，收入波动大、长期保障意识薄弱，仅落户、子女就学等刚需会推动其主动参保。对此，她主张构建弹性化、可流转的新型社保体系，允许灵活就业者自主搭配养老、医疗、住房等保障模块，实现社保跨平台、跨地域自由转移，明确多元用工场景下的社保责任主体。她认为，社保体系的适配完善，不仅是保障劳动者权益，更能让庞大的灵活就业群体获得身份认同与社会兜底，稳定就业市场心态。

G | 针对普通人的AI时代生存破局，张丹丹给出了核心成长逻辑。面对技术快速迭代、职业持续更迭的不确定性，唯一解法是主动解构自我、重塑职业价值。年轻人需放下固有经验与职业包袱，主动拥抱AI工具，持续迭代自身技能与职业定位；同时新兴灵活就业形态蕴藏大量机遇，各类新型技能服务岗位不断涌现，年轻人可依托自身技能挖掘市场新需求、培育新职业赛道，以持续学习、主动适配的姿态，应对AI时代的就业变革（原文较长，AI压缩整理）。张丹丹接受《焦点访谈》访谈中的有关内容（2025年7月）目前全国外卖骑手已超1000万人，但是由于劳动关系模糊、合同形式多样，外卖骑手的社保覆盖率远低于传统就业岗位。

H | 2025年3月初开始，北京等地的一些外卖骑手平台，直接为签约骑手缴纳社保，或是对参加基本养老保险者给予补贴，这一变化对该行业来说无疑是全新的尝试。近日，北大国发院经济学教授、副院长张丹丹在接受央视《焦点访谈》采访时表示：“这个尝试还是蛮重要的，如果能走通这条路，把灵活就业里相对稳定就业的人——他们大部分时间服务于一个平台，这部分人可能比较少——把他们纳入到传统企业的职工社会保险里，对他们来说是比较公平的，也能够保证这些人的福利，提升共同富裕。

I | ”张丹丹教授还指出：“我们的劳动力市场的确非常高效，这种高效来自于它的灵活性。我们有如此庞大的零工就业，这在全世界都是绝无仅有的，这么大的零工群体是由于中国的数字经济快速发展，平台快速壮大，和这个大的市场内需有很大的关系。”她进一步表示，“推行不完全劳动关系，如何把它慢慢纳入或者部分纳入到职工的养老保障体系里，是有一些难点的，主要难点在于不完全劳动关系既不对应劳动法，又不对应民事法，在法律上这两块都对不上，处在法律空白的状态里面。

J | ”在现有的骑手群体中，大部分都属于不完全符合劳动关系的情形。

K | 针对这部分群体的劳动保障，探索也一直在进行。

L | 张丹丹教授认为：“之前调查零工社保的缴纳平台补贴50%，慢慢好多人也断保了，他们意识到要交15到20年就不愿意再继续交下去。对零工这个特定的群体设计社保体制的时候，不能把它完全纳入到传统的职工保障五险一金里面去，应该更灵活，更适应这个群体。”近年来，包括外卖骑手、网约车司机在内的新就业形态人员的数量大幅增加，全国已经有8400万人。让他们的切身利益得到保障，新就业形态群体才能稳步发展。

M | 当前的探索还面临着劳动关系界定、缴纳主体确定、社保转接等诸多现实难题，需要不断完善制度，也需要企业的持续探索（来源：央视《焦点访谈》《面向零工就业群体的社保体制要更灵活》）。